Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,868 results found
Article
Limberg score
Limberg score is a semiquantitative color Doppler ultrasound assessment of the bowel wall vascularity in inflammatory bowel disease.
grade 0: normal bowel wall with no thickening (<4 mm), well-delineated mural stratification, no mural flow (no color Doppler signal)
grade 1: wall thickenin...
Article
Cardiac venous malformations
Cardiac venous malformations (also known as cardiac hemangiomas) consists of a slow flow venous malformation and is composed of numerous non-neoplastic endothelial-lined thin-walled channels with interspersed fat and fibrous septae.
Terminology
It is important to note that according to the ISS...
Article
Acquired cholesteatoma
Acquired cholesteatomas are far more common than congenital cholesteatomas and are almost always closely related to the tympanic membrane and pneumatized portion of the temporal bone from which most are thought to arise 9.
Cholesteatomas occur far more commonly in the middle ear than in the ext...
Article
CSF rhinorrhea
CSF rhinorrhea refers to a symptom of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage extracranially into the paranasal sinuses, thence into the nasal cavity, and exiting via the anterior nares. It can occur whenever there is an osseous and dural defect of the skull base that communicates directly or indirect...
Article
Sonographic values in obstetrics and gynecology
Obstetric and gynecological ultrasound is rampant with numerous cut-off values. Some of these get revised over the years. The following list is a useful aid to refer to and revise.
1 mm
rate of increase of a mean sac diameter per day in early pregnancy
2 mm
generally accepted value for a thi...
Article
Desmoplasia
Desmoplasia, also known as a desmoplastic reaction, is the term used by pathologists to refer to the growth of fibrous tissue around disease, usually cancer. However in dermatopathology, desmoplasia may also be seen with benign, as well as malignant, conditions.
Terminology
Pathologists prefer...
Article
Dermal nerve sheath myxoma
Dermal nerve sheath myxomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors usually originating from the skin or subcutaneous tissues.
Terminology
The previous term was ‘classic or myxoid variant of neurothekeoma’ but data has shown that they are biologically and clinically distinct from neurothekeo...
Article
Eisenmenger syndrome
The Eisenmenger syndrome is a complication of an uncorrected high-flow, high-pressure congenital heart anomaly leading to chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension and shunt reversal.
Epidemiology
In general, the shunts that lead to Eisenmenger syndrome share high pressure and high flow 3. As su...
Article
Osteopoikilosis
Osteopoikilosis is a sclerosing bony dysplasia characterized by multiple benign enostoses. It is a rare inherited benign condition incidentally found on skeletal x-rays. Its importance is predominantly in correct diagnosis so that it is not mistaken for pathology.
Epidemiology
The bone islands...
Article
Contrast medium
Contrast media are a group of chemical agents developed to aid in the characterization of pathology by improving the contrast resolution of an imaging modality. Specific contrast media have been developed for every structural imaging modality, and every conceivable route of administration.
Bari...
Article
Aortic dissection
Aortic dissection is the prototype and most common form of acute aortic syndromes and a type of arterial dissection. It occurs when blood enters the medial layer of the aortic wall through a tear or penetrating ulcer in the intima and tracks longitudinally along with the media, forming a second ...
Article
DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that encodes the genetic information (genome) necessary for RNA (ribonucleic acid) transcription (transcriptome) and protein synthesis (proteome) 1. It is contained in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in the form of chromatin or chromosomes 7,8.
Mole...
Article
Salivary gland tumors
Salivary gland tumors are variable in location, origin, and malignant potential.
Pathology
In general, the ratio of benign to malignant tumors is proportional to the gland size; i.e. the parotid gland tends to have benign neoplasms, the submandibular gland 50:50, and the sublingual glands and...
Article
Zero echo time imaging
Zero echo time (ZTE) imaging is a development in MR technology, with the aim to better visualize tissues such as bone with the shortest T2 values.
Physics
In ZTE, the signal is acquired immediately after applying the radiofrequency pulse resulting in near-zero echo times. After initial data r...
Article
PSA density
The PSA density (PSAD) is a calculation performed at diagnosis and is the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level (ng/mL) divided by the volume of the prostate gland (mL), resulting in a value with the units, ng/mL2 1. Prostate volume is calculated from TRUS measurements 2,3.
Alternatively...
Article
Chronic myocarditis
Chronic myocarditis is a prolonged or ongoing myocardial inflammation in the setting of non-dilated or mildly dilated cardiomyopathy 1-5. There have been significant differences concerning the exact definition of the concept as well as the time interval after the onset of symptoms, with the latt...
Article
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen is a rare, non-neoplastic vascular splenic lesion of uncertain etiology.
Terminology
The term SANT first appeared in the literature in a 2004 article by Martel et al. which examined a series of 25 cases 3. This relatively unco...
Article
CT myelography
CT myelography (CTM) is a myelography technique used mainly to assess for potential spinal canal stenosis when MRI is contraindicated or when dynamic imaging is required.
History
CT myelography was first performed in 1976 2 and became the gold standard for imaging the spinal canal and cord unt...
Article
Transcatheter mitral valve intervention
Transcatheter mitral valve interventions (TMVI) or percutaneous mitral valve interventions are less-invasive, highly technical procedures available for the management of selected patients with mitral valve regurgitation and include several transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) and transcathet...
Article
External auditory canal cholesteatoma
External auditory canal cholesteatomas are a rare subtype of acquired cholesteatoma.
Epidemiology
The external acoustic canal is a rare location for a cholesteatoma with an estimated incidence of around 1.2 per 1,000 new otological patients ref. The overall incidence rate in one large study wa...
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